An Analysis Clitics in the Novel Allegiant by Veronica Roth

Sejarah Artikel Diterima: 12 Agustus 2019 Revisi: 27 September 2019 Disetujui: 25 Nopember 2019 Dipublikasikan: 30 Desember 2019 This study aims to find out the type and the function of English clitics, which mostly are used in informal language. The researcher analyzes English clitic in Chapter II (Tobias) of Allegiant Novel by Veronica Roth. The researcher found 47 clitics. There were two types of clitics consist of (1) one is proclitic and (2) 46 are enclitics. Furthermore, also have three functions of clitics with (1) six variants encompassed (..’d, ..’m, ..’s, ..’re, ..’ve, ..’ll) consist of 27 enclitics as verbal functions, (2) 15 enclitics as adverbial function (n’t), and (3) as pronominal function has five clitics with two variants encompassed (o’.., genitive (‘s)) which consist of four enclitics and one proclitic.


Introduction
Language is important for daily activity including to study, work, and other. Language is needed for the people to communication. Whereas communication, it is used to express and share the meaning through texts. All communication is based on text, and texts are made use grammar. Texts can be written or spoken. But, sometimes the people fail to understand the meaning. It is because the ignorance about how to good interact with others through language. The other problem is the ignorance of the structure of morphosyntax in the sentences. Crystal (1985:234) noted that morphosyntax is the term in linguistics used to make reference to grammatical category simultaneously consider the criteria of morphology and syntax.
In English language morpheme which difficult to be categorized is clitic. It is also one of the morphemes which often found even used by the people. Usually the difficulties is faced in distinguish the classification of clitic, and the certain functions all at once. Clitic is one of bound morphemes. It hence, clitic has to attach with other word. Clitics are mostly used in informal language such as talk with friends who can to be close relation. The form of clitics sometimes is used in full words beside in lack a fuller form. When the reader or listener has found clitic, sometimes the people encounter the difficulties to know the meaning. It is because the ignorance of the original forms, when the form of clitic is different or changes from the original form.
Building on the problems before, study clitics it is also important to support in understanding of language used. It is caused clitics which belonging to the structure of the morpheme and syntax. This research emphasizes to analyze English clitics based on the types and the functions of clitic. Zwicky & Pullum (1983) argued that such unexpected new discoveries can be created at any point; even about the grammar relatively well understand language, which grammatical investigation continues to be interesting. It hence, this research expected to find out the type of clitics and describe the function of clitics all at once in Chapter II (Tobias) of Allegiant Novel by Veronica Roth. ISSN 2620-9780 (Online), 2621 The result of this research also expected can be able to give benefit to (1) provide additional references for the students of English Education Department who are going to study in clitics (2) give information and knowledge about how to construct and apply clitics through analyzing the clitics (3) show and appreciate all at once the uniqueness and diversity of the world's language.
Previous study gives guiding the principle for the researcher before evolving the research. It means, the researcher can find out both, the similarities and differences, and help to conduct the research. The researcher conduct the previous research takes from Billings (2002) entitled "Phrasal Clitics". There are various grammar components (semantic, syntax, lexicon, morphology, and prosody) jointly determine the placement of clitics with phrasal positioning domain. In order to, the researcher makes specific predictions about which kinds of clitic positioning can and cannot occur. This was demonstrated for a clitic phenomenon in Russian in comparison to Tagalog and Warlpiri. The difference from the research before is appearing in specifically study of clitic in Russian, Tagalog, and Warlpiri; and the problem of previous research is the placement of clitics with a phrasal positioning domain. Whereas, the researcher had been research is clitic in English; and the problem of this research were the type and the function of clitics in Chapter II (Tobias) of Allegiant Novel by Veronica Roth.

Research Methodology
In this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research method. The researcher chooses Chapter II (Tobias) of Allegiant Novel by Veronica Roth as the sources of data whereas the data for the research comprise the sentences included the dialogues that contain the types and the functions of English clitics. It is to be the main data source or primary source in this research.
In analyzing the data, the researcher followed the steps to analyze data as followed: (1) Selecting the sentence of Chapter II (Tobias) in the Allegiant Novel that contains clitics to be collected (2) Determining the type and the function of clitics for the analysis clitics for the analysis clitic in each sentence in the novel. it is divided to be proclitic and enclitic types, whereas the function divided to be verbal, adverbial, pronominal, or prepositional function (3) Displaying the result of analysis in the table. It is to describe the type and the function of clitic in using checklist matrix; and also to describe the original word from the word, which contains clitic (4) Drawing the conclusion based on the results of analysis.

The Types of Clitic in Allegiant Novel
The clitic types analysis according to Das (2010). The researcher took the focus in analyzing English clitics in Chapter II (Tobias) of 56 chapters in Allegiant Novel. The result of the types found in the novel could be seen in the following table. : can 't, isn't, doesn't, shouldn't, don't, wouldn't, won't, aren't

The Functions of Clitic in Allegiant Novel
The clitic functions analysis according to: verbal function (Zwicky, 1970); adverbial function (Zwicky & Pullum, 1983); prepositional function (Pullum, 1997). The result of the functions found in the novel could be seen in the following table. Based on the table above, the data has classified the functions of clitic based on as constructor element of clitic. The researcher found three clitic functions in Chapter II (Tobias) of Allegiant Novel by Veronica Roth. There were verbal function, adverbial function, and prepositional function:

1) Verbal Function
There are some auxiliaries in verbal function categories. It will be occurred when main auxiliary verbs have occurred contraction process to be clitics. Based on the analyzing of the text, the researcher found 27 clitics as verbal functions with various form, there were: : we're, they're, you're (5) ('ve) : we've, I've (6) ('ll) : you'll, I'll 2) Adverbial Function These reduced forms have function as adverbial function when word (not) has occurred contraction process to be (..n't). Clitics as adverbial functions were resembled affixes very much, but for clitic there is contraction process. It would be unusual for a tense affix to attach to a noun. It is hence, the clitic position merely after auxiliary. Based on the analyzing of the text, the researcher found 15 clitics as adverbial functions (n't) with various form, there were: can't, isn 't, doesn't, shouldn't, don't, wouldn't, won't, aren't.

3) Prepositional Function
In this part, as prepositional category in clitics the form beside contraction or reduce form also encompasses in full word as a variant from certain morpheme. In prepositional functions these categories the origin word from (of and to) when have occurred contraction process or only attached in the last word as other variant. Based on the analyzing of the text, the researcher found five clitics as prepositional functions with various form, there were: : Peter's, Evelyn's, humanity's, Tris's

Clitic Constructor Elements with Cliticization in Allegiant Novel
In this discussion, the researcher described the process of finding the research as the answers of the research problems. The step to answer the research problem, the researcher selected the data used the theory from Das (2010) whose revealed that clitics was distinguished into two groups there are proclitic and enclitic. It was also supported with other theories in deep analyzing from Zwicky (1970), Zwicky & Pullum (1983), and Pullum (1997) to guide that clitic ISSN 2620-9780 (Online), 2621-5039 (Cetak) was distinguished into three groups of function based on the data analyzed. Whole of clitics in this novel was constructed through contraction process with apostrophe.

1) Clitic (o')
The researcher only found one clitic (o') in a sentence from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "My watch reads three o'clock" with the original form "My watch reads three of clock." Based on the position of (o') attached at the beginning of its host (clock) it was classified as proclitic. Proclitic (o') has prepositional function; it caused (o') the origin word from (of) it was prepositional word before the host.

2) Clitic ('d)
The researcher only found one clitic ('d) in a sentence from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "How'd you get in?" with the original form "How would you get in?" Based on the position of ('d) attached at the end of its host (How) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('d) has verbal function, it caused ('d) the origin word from (would) it was main modal auxiliary verb after the host.

3) Clitic ('m)
There were six clitics ('m) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "I'm Tobias Eaton, "I say, and she laughs." with the original form "I am Tobias Eaton, "I say, and she laughs." Based on the position of ('m) attached at the end of its host (I) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('m) has verbal function, it caused ('m) the origin word from (am) it was linking verb after the host.

4) Clitic ('s)
There were six clitics ('s) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "What's happening? What took you so long?" with the original form "What is happening? What took you so long?" Based on the position of ('s) attached at the end of its host (What) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('s) has verbal function, it caused ('s) the origin word from (is) it was main modal auxiliary verb after the host.

5) Clitic Genitive ('s)
There were four clitics genitive ('s) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias). Whole of clitic genitive ('s) used apostrophe before (s): "...her legs slung across Peter's arms..." with the original form "...her legs slung across arms of Peter..." Based on the position of genitive ('s) attached at the end of its host (Peter) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic genitive ('s) has prepositional function, it caused genitive ('s) the origin word from (of) it was prepositional word to show the possession of singular human being in the host.

6) Clitic ('re)
There were five clitics ('re) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "...because as long as we're all contained..." with the original form "...because as long as we are all contained..." Based on the position of ('re) attached at the end of its host (we) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('re) has verbal function, it caused ('m) the origin word from (are) it was linking verb after the host.

7) Clitic ('ve)
There were three clitics ('ve) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "...but we've got enough going on here." with the original form "...but we have got enough going on here." Based on the position of ('ve) attached at the end of its host (we) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('ve) has verbal function, it caused ('ve) the origin word from (have) it was main modal auxiliary verb after the host.

8) Clitic ('ll)
There were five clitics ('ll) were found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "...you'll be convicted as traitors." with the original form "...you will be convicted as traitors." Based on the position of ('ll) attached at the end of its host (you) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic ('ll) has verbal function; it caused ('ll) the origin word from (you) it was linking verb after the host.

9) Clitic (n't)
There were 15 clitics (n't) that placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb. It was found in the some sentences from this novel in Chapter II (Tobias): "I can't walk these hallways..." with the original form "I cannot walk these hallways..." Based on the position of (n't) attached at the end of its host (can) it was classified as enclitic. Enclitic (n't) has adverbial function; it caused (n't) the origin word from (not) it was negative adverb after the host in negative statement.
In other hand, the researcher was found three functions of clitic. There were verbal function, adverbial function, and prepositional function. Verbal function for the word has six variants encompassed (..'d, ..'m, ..'s, ..'re, ..'ve, ..'ll) in number 27 enclitics. For adverbial function (n't) turned out it also almost found in this novel. There were 15 enclitics as adverbial function. Although, adverbial function only has one variant was (n't). Whereas, for prepositional function for the word has two variants encompassed (o'.., genitive ('s)) in number five clitics, there were four as enclitic and only one as proclitic.

SUGGESTION
Connected with the conclusion, the researcher would like to propose some suggestions that hopefully would be useful for the English lecturer, English students and other researcher who's interested in analyzing English clitics. 1. For English Lecturer, to give and develope description more about English clitics in a subject lecture that studies morphology in Linguistic or even, part of language variant in Sociolinguistic. 2. For the students, the result of this research can help to solve the difficulties in understanding the clitics. It is counterbalanced with applying one of in reading activity to differentiate between clitics and non-clitics. 3. For other researcher, who want to study about clitic. It can be one of the references for the studies.