Lansia Aktif dan Berdaya: Studi Perilaku Prososial pada Kader Surabaya Hebat
Abstract
The late adult population is increasing, but they are seen as a burden by society. However more than half of the elderly population is still working, such as volunteers. This study aims to identify the forms of prosocial behaviour, motivations of prosocial behaviour, and benefits of prosocial behaviour among late adults of Kader Surabaya Hebat. The research method used was qualitative with an instrumental case study design. Participants were selected using purposive sampling technique, with characteristics of Surabaya Hebat cadres who have been active for at least 2 years in Lontar Village Surabaya, aged 60 years and above. Data collection was conducted by pre-survey, interview, and documentation. Data was analysed using thematic analysis technique. The results showed that the form of prosocial behavior in late adult cadres was helping residents, assisting cadres in task execution and guiding young The motivation of elderly cadres to do prosocial behaviour comes from 3 sources, such as intrinsic, extrinsic and situational. The benefits of prosocial behavior for late adults are getting positive feelings, increasing knowledge and experience, adding relationships, improving health and getting incentives. This research also found that religiosity and cultural factors influence prosocial behaviour, as well as the importance of relationships in prosocial behaviour. The implication of this research is to increase awareness of the elderly, also for the Kader Surabaya Hebat coordinator and the government to provide support for the late adult to be productive.
Populasi lanjut usia kian meningkat, tetapi lansia dipandang sebagai beban oleh masyarakat. Padahal lebih dari setengah populasi lansia masih bekerja, salah satunya sebagai sukarelawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk perilaku prososial, motivasi perilaku prososial, dan manfaat perilaku prososial pada Kader Surabaya Hebat yang lanjut usia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus instrumental. Partisipan dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Karakteristik partisipan adalah Kader Surabaya Hebat yang aktif selama minimal 2 tahun di Kelurahan Lontar Surabaya dengan usia 60 tahun keatas. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pra-survei, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk perilaku prososial pada kader lansia berupa menolong warga, membantu kader dalam pelaksanaan tugas dan membina kader muda. Motivasi kader lansia untuk berperilaku prososial berasal dari 3 sumber, yaitu intrinsik, ekstrinsik dan situasional. Manfaat dari perilaku prososial bagi kader lansia adalah mendapatkan perasaan positif, menambah pengetahuan & pengalaman, menambah relasi, meningkatkan kesehatan, dan mendapatkan insentif. Riset ini juga menemukan adanya faktor religiusitas dan budaya yang memengaruhi perilaku prososial, serta pentingnya hubungan relasi dalam berperilaku prososial. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kesadaran lanjut usia, serta bagi koordinator Kader Surabaya Hebat dan pemerintah untuk memberikan dukungan bagi lansia untuk produktif.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2018). Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior. Current opinion in psychology, 20, 55-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837957/
Alfansyur, A., & Mariyani, M. (2020). Seni mengelola data: Penerapan triangulasi teknik, sumber dan waktu pada penelitian pendidikan sosial. Historis: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 5(2), 146-150. https://journal.ummat.ac.id/index.php/historis/article/view/3432
Andelia, B., & Noor, H. (2015). Hubungan religiusitas dengan perilaku prososial pada relawan KORSA (Korps Relawan Salman ITB). Prosiding Psikologi, 468-475. https://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/1380
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik penduduk lanjut usia. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Barkah, A., Mardiana, T., & Japar, M. (2020). Analisis implementasi metode pembelajaran dalam masa pandemi covid-19 pada mata pelajaran pkn. Pedagogi: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 7(2). https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/pedagogi/article/view/3426
Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (2005). Psikologi sosial (R. Djuwiya, Trans). Jakarta:Erlangga.
Bashori, K. (2017). Menyemai perilaku prososial di sekolah. Sukma: Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(1), 57-92. https://doi.org/10.32533/01103.2017
Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). Four motives for community involvement. Journal of social issues, 58(3), 429-445. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227541135
Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 65-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60412-8
Burr, J. A., Mutchler, J. E., & Han, S. H. (2021). Volunteering and health in later life. In Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 303-319). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815970-5.00019-X
Cala, P., Havránek, T., Havránková, Z., Matousek, J., & Novak, J. (2022). Financial incentives and performance: a meta-analysis of economics evidence. IES Working Paper, (27). https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/286323
Chi, K., Almeida, D. M., Charles, S. T., & Sin, N. L. (2021). aily prosocial activities and well-being: Age moderation in two national studies. Psychology and Aging, 36(1), 83-95. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pag0000460
Cialdini, R. B., Baumann, D. J., & Kenrick, D. T. (1981). Insights from sadness: A three-step model of the development of altruism as hedonism. Developmental review, 1(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(81)90018-6
Daeli, S. A. & Pribowo(2020). Perilaku prososial masyarakat terhadap lanjut usia terlantar di kelurahan derwati kecamatan rancasari kota bandung. Peksos: Jurnal Ilmiah Pekerjaan Sosial, 19(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.31595/peksos.v19i1.237
Dayaksini, T., & Hudaniah. (2009). Psikologi Sosial. Malang: UMM Press.
Drupadi, R. (2020). Pengaruh regulasi emosi terhadap perilaku prososial anak usia dini. Cakrawala Dini: Jurnal Pendikan Anak Usia Dini, 11(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.17509/cd.v11i1.20326
Eisenberg, N. (2006). Empathy‐related responding and prosocial behaviour. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 278, 71-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470030585.ch6
Eisenberg, N., VanSchyndel, S. K., & Spinrad, T. L. (2016). Prosocial motivation: Inferences from an opaque body of work. Child Development, 86(6), 1668-1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12638
Fadhlamzia, F. (2020). Kecenderungan depresi pada lansia di UPT pelayanan sosial tresna werdha khusnul khotimah pekanbaru. (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Riau). http://repository.uir.ac.id/id/eprint/13298
Feygina, I., & Henry, P. J. (2015). Culture and prosocial behavior. The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior, 188-208. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.009
Fiiliiyah, N., Fihris, F., Nasikhin, N., & Mintarsih, I. (2023, 84-95). Peran sedekah jumat dalam membentuk jiwa sosial di SMP Negeri 35 Semarang. Marpokat: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.62086/mjpkm.v2i2.428
Fitroh, R., Oktavia, W. K., & Hanifah, H. (2019). Perbedaan perilaku prososial ditinjau dari jenis kelamin pada relawan sosial (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan).
Fransiska, A. (2022). Kerentanan lansia: Pelanggaran prinsip dan hak non-diskriminasi terhadap lansia di indonesia. In Hukum yang [Seharusnya] berdaya untuk semua: Kumpulan tulisan tentang urgensi legislasi anti diskriminasi komprehensif di indonesia (pp. 88-107). Konsorsium Crisis Response Mechanism dan Free to Be.
Haryati, T. D. (2013). Kematangan emosi, religiusitas dan perilaku prososial perawat di rumah sakit. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 2(2), 162-172. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330394515
Hermawati, I. (2015). Kajian tentang kota ramah lanjut usia. Yogyakarta: Badan Pendidikan dan Penelitian Kesejahteraan Sosial Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesejahteraan Sosial (B2P3KS).
Heryanah, H. (2015). Ageing population dan bonus demografi kedua di Indonesia. Populasi, 23(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.15692
Hidayatullah, M. N., & Lukmawati, L. (2021). Perilaku prososial pada relawan anak sumatera selatan. Indonesian Journal of Behavioral Studies, 1(2), 261-270. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356857257
Hodgetts, D., Stolte, O., Carr, S., Sonn, C., Drew, N., & Nikora, L. W. (2020). Social Psychology and Everyday Life. United Kingdom: Macmillan Education UK.
Huang, L. H. (2019). Well-being and volunteering: Evidence from aging societies in Asia. Social Science & Medicine, 229, 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.004.
Iotzov, V., Saulin, A., Kaiser, J., Han, S., & Hein, G. (2021). Financial incentives facilitate the neural computation of prosocial decisions stronger in low empathic individuals. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.23.436445
Istiono, A., & Efendy, M. (2021). Kematangan emosi dan prososial pada relawan desa lawan COVID-19 ditinjau dari jenis kelamin. Psyche 165 Journal, 14(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v14i1.92
Johnson, K. J., Latham-Mintus, K., & Poey, J. L. (2018). Productive aging via volunteering: Does social cohesion influence level of engagement? ournal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(8), 817-833. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2018.1467523
Kahana, E., & Midlarsky, E. (1982). Is there help beyond exchange? Contributory options in late life adaptation. In Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Boston, MA, November.
Kaharuddin. (2021). Kualitatif: Ciri dan karakter sebagai metodologi. Equilibrium: Jurnal Pendidikan, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v9i1.4489
Kota Surabaya. (2022). Peraturan Walikota Surabaya Nomor 14 Tahun 2022 tentang Biaya Jasa Pelayanan/Honorarium bagi Warga Pelayan Masyarakat di Kota Surabaya. Surabaya.
Kuzel, A. J. (1992). Sampling in qualitative inquiry. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.). Doing qualitative research (pp. 31-44). Amerika: SAGE Publications.
Lampiran Keputusan Camat Sambikerep. (2023). Daftar nama kader surabaya hebat kecamatan sambikerep.
Lase, V. S. N., Kuswada, D., & Winarni, E. D. (2021). Perilaku prososial masyarakat terhadap lanjut usia terlantar di kelurahan sindang jaya kecamatan mandalajati kota bandung. Jurnal Ilmiah Rehabilitasi Sosial (Rehsos), 3(2), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.31595/rehsos.v3i02.443
Lee, Y. (2023). Prosocial behaviour as an antidote to social disconnection: exploring the links between prosocial behaviour, loneliness, and social contact in daily life (Doctoral dissertation, University Of British Columbia)
Leung, K., Deng, H., Wang, J., & Zhou, F. (2015). Beyond risk-taking: Effects of psychological safety on cooperative goal interdependence and prosocial behavior. Group & Organization Management, 40(1), 88-115. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1059601114564012
Lockwood, P. L., Abdurahman, A., Gabay, A. S., Drew, D., Tamm, M., Husain, M., & Apps, M. A. J. (2021). Aging increases prosocial motivation for effort. Psychological Science, 35(5), 668-681. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620975781
Lykes, V. A., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509881
Marbun, R., & Setiawan, J. L. (2019). Hubungan antara perilaku prososial dan psychological well-being pada remaja awal. Psychopreneur Journal, 3(2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.24843/JPU.2016.v03.i01.p13
Masitoh, S., & Fitriyana, R. (2021). Potret Empati-Altruisme Masyarakat Urban Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19. Prosiding Telmilnas IPS, April.
Matsumoto, Y., Yamagashi, T., Li, Y., & Kiyonari, T. (2016). Prosocial behavior increases with age across five economic games. Plos One, 11(7), 1-16. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4945042/
Mayr, U., & Freund, A. M. (2020). Do we become more prosocial as we age, and if so, why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(3), 248-254. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0963721420910811
Midlarsky, E., Kahana, E., & Belser, A. (2015). Prosocial behavior in late life. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior (pp. 415–432). Inggris: Oxford University Press.
Midlarsky, E., Pirutinsky, S., Chakrabarti, D., & Cohen, F. (2017). Visualized prosocial behavior and emotion in late life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1315646
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Amerika: SAGE Publications.
Nelson, S. K., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2016). Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion, 16(6), 850-861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000178
Nuroniyah, W. (2023). Psikologi Keluarga. Jawa Barat: CV. Zenius Publisher.
Pemerintah Indonesia. (1998). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 1998 tentang Kesejahteraan Lanjut Usia. Jakarta.
Pemerintah Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 88 Tahun 2021 tentang Strategi Nasional Kelanjutusiaan. Jakarta.
Pusat Pelatihan SDM Kesehatan. (2018). Modul pelatihan bagi pelatih kader kesehatan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Rahman, A. A. (2013). Psikologi Sosial: Integrasi pengetahuan wahyu dan pengetahuan empirik.Jawa Barat: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Rahmawati, A. N., & Fithri, R. (2020). Religious Attitude dengan Perilaku Prososial pada Relawan PMI Kota Surabaya. ournal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 5(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v5i2.1136
Ramezani, T., Zanjari, N., Rafiey, H., & Delbari, A. (2024). Iranian community-dwelling older adults’ perceptions of prosociality: A qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1), 99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38726078/
Santrock, J. (2010). Life-Span Development. Amerika: McGraw-Hill Education.
Setiyani, A. D. (2022). Hubungan antara empati dengan perilaku prososial pada siswa smp pengguna smartphone. Naskah Publikasi Program Studi Psikologi. http://eprints.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/id/eprint/15521
Sharma, S. K., Mudgal, S. K., Gaur, R., Chaturvedi, J., Rulaniya, S., & Sharma, P. (2024). Navigating sample size estimation for qualitative research. Journal of Medical Evidence, 5(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.4103/JME.JME_59_24
Smith, K. D., Keating, J. P., & Stotland, E. (1989). Altruism reconsidered: The effect of denying feedback on a victim's status to empathic witnesses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 641-650. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.64
Sugiyono. (2020). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D (Sutopo, Ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Suhara, T. (2022). Efek Prilaku Prososial Masyarakat di Masa Pandemi. Ekono Insentif, 16(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.36787/jei.v16i1.724
Sukamti, S., Suroso, S., & Saragih, S. (2019). Hubungan religiusitas dan motivasi menjadi relawan dengan perilaku prososial anglican community center batam. Fenomena, 28(2), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.30996/fn.v28i2.2488
Sundström, M., Blomqvist, K., & Edberg, A. K. (2020). Being a volunteer encountering older people’s loneliness and existential loneliness: alleviating loneliness for others and oneself. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 35(2), 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12869
Sunyoto, D., & Kalijaga, M. A. (2022). Buku Referensi Teori Pertukaran Sosial dalam Perilaku Kelompok. Jawa Tengah: Eureka Media Aksara.
Tamir, C., Connaughton, A., & Salazar, A. M. (2020). The global God divide. Pew Research Center,, 21, 1-38. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/
Tanskanen, A. O., Hämäläine, H., Arpino, B., & Danielsbacka, M. (2022). Prosocial activity in later life: are informal help and care associated with volunteering and charity? Ageing and Society, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X22001015
Thahir, A. (2020). Psikologi Perkembangan. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366982353
Triningtyas, D. A., & Muhayati, S. (2018). Mengenal lebih dekat tentang lanjut usia. Jawa Timur: CV AE Media Grafika
Umayah, A. N., Ariyanto, A., & Yustisia, W. (2017). Pengaruh empati emosional terhadap perilaku prososial yang dimoderasi oleh jenis kelamin pada mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 15(2), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.7454/jps.2017.7
Uthomah, L. (2016). Perbedaan kecenderungan perilaku prososial ditinjau dari peran gender pada penumpang kereta api di stasiun Cikini Jakarta Pusat. PSYCHOPEDIA: Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.36805/psikologi.v1i1.685
Van Cappellen, P., Saroglou, V., & Toth-Gauthier, M. (2016). Religiosity and prosocial behavior among churchgoers: Exploring underlying mechanisms. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2014.958004
Vibriyanti, D. (2019). Surabaya menuju kota ramah lansia: Peluang dan tantangan. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 13(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v13i2.321
Yuliati, S. (2022). Gambaran perilaku prososial SMP negeri di Kabupaten Y pada situasi pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling (JPDK), 4(4), 4257-4264. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v4i4.6147
Zahirah, A., Herlina, & Wulandari, A. (2020). Kecemasan terhadap kematian: peran perilaku prososial dan kebersyukuran pada lanjut usia. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(2), 237-248. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v7i2.5671
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v9i2.13400
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual (eISSN 2580-9520) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License